Libro monogr\u00e1fico \u201cRorschach Heads\u201d Amarillo Museum of Art. Amarillo (Texas). Mayo 2011<\/p>\n
Donald Kuspit<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n I want to stress from the very beginning the paralyzing power of anxiety. Harry Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (1).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The self-system\u2026is an organization of educative experience called into being Harry Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (2).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The artists of the twentieth century knew decades ahead of the rest of us that Heinz Kohut, \u201cOn the Continuity of the Self and Cultural Selfobjects\u201d(3).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The eldest son of an art teacher, [Hermann] Rorschach considered becoming an artist Entry on Hermann Rorschach in The New Encyclopedia Britannica (4).<\/p>\n In 2000, as though to acknowledge the new millennium, Jos\u00e9 Ciria began a new series of paintings: the first Rorschach Heads, as he came to call them. They were a small group of works, at most a dozen, all appearing in an outburst of spontaneity, as though a sudden discharge from the unconscious. He was in Madrid at the time. In 2005 Ciria moved to New York; the second series of Rorschach Heads soon followed, inspired by a friend\u2019s response to Ciria\u2019s Post-Suprematist Series, 2006, based on the figures in the late works of Malevich \u2014an unexpected return to the figure by the pioneer of geometrical abstraction. Ciria\u2019s friend suggested that he concentrate on the heads of his Post-Suprematist figures. The second series of Rorschach Heads had the same uncanny, quicksilvery, abrupt energy as the first series, with the difference that Ciria now seemed to be consciously engaging the key issue of 20th century advanced art: the opposition of abstraction and representation which the contradiction between Malevich\u2019s early \u201cprogressive\u201d abstraction, with its purely formal, \u201cesoteric\u201d logic, and later \u201cregressive\u201d representation, with its \u201cexoteric\u201d figural imagery, made manifest.<\/p>\n With his usual verve and daring, Ciria attempted to reconcile them. But the result \u2014in the Post-Suprematist figures\u2014 was uneasy and unnerving, for however boldly equilibrated the formal and the figural (suggesting that the figure was inherently abstract and that the \u201csecret\u201d of pure forms is that they were abstracted from the figure), they never unequivocally integrate. The result is peculiarly surreal or absurd: a sum of parts (generally amorphous, if sometimes biomorphic) that add up to a bizarre, inconclusive whole \u2014an aggregation of abstract fragments in anxious relationship. Indeed, the Post-Suprematist works seem more like anxious deconstructions of the figure rather than sublime reconstructions of it. The figure seems to be disintegrating into abstract fragments, each with a physical presence and forceful fluidity of its own. The figure emerges from the flux of abstract elements, anxiously holding its own for a magical moment, and then sinks back into the abstract flux. The figure is a phantom, however memorable its appearance \u2014by reason of the vividness of its abstract components. Paradoxically, however animated the abstract field, the abstract figure seems inanimate, insensate \u2014insidiously dead, a petrified emblem of the human, a depressed mannequin.<\/p>\n In the second series of Rorschach Heads the dialectic becomes more urgent, strained, insistent, as though to force its resolution: but there is no resolution, only greater anxiety, which now seems embedded in the head, indeed, its essence. If Ciria\u2019s Post-Suprematism series can be called \u201cmagical abstraction\u201d \u2014abstraction in which a figure magically appears, like a hallucination, a quasi-realistic representation, spontaneously aborting into a flux of sensations, randomly given and eccentrically dynamic\u2014 then his Rorschach series can be called \u201cmanic abstraction.\u201d Abstraction runs riot in the head, overwhelms it, consumes it, becomes its substance, announcing that it has been consumed by anxiety \u2014completely maddened by anxiety. The more totally \u2014purely\u2014 abstract the head becomes, the more absolutely \u2014incurably\u2014 mad it seems.<\/p>\n \u201cThe self-affirmation of a being is the stronger the more non-being it can take into itself,\u201d the existential theologian Paul Tillich has written(5), and \u201canxiety is the experience of the threat of imminent non-being,\u201d the existential psychotherapist Rollo May has written(6). In Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Head paintings the threat is so great that the head seems to lose its hold on being, becoming an abstract expression of anxiety \u2014a catastrophe of consciousness, in which every \u201csensationally\u201d abstract detail becomes emblematic of the insanity in which anxiety ultimately issues, the terrifying sense of not being that overwhelming anxiety conveys, if left uncontrolled. Sometimes geometry becomes the control, giving the abstract fragments shape, containing the anxiety they express, stabilizing them so that can take their place as features of a face, a face that is like a death mask \u2014the face of non-being. Anxiety has triumphed over humanness and the will to be, reducing the human face to a morbid illusion, just as the human body was reduced to one in the Post-Suprematist series: to an abstract display of sensations that defend against the anxiety aroused by death, and death \u2014non-being\u2014 itself, even as their eerie radiance, at once fluorescent and incandescent, conveys death\u2019s putrescent colors, perversely evoking life.<\/p>\n A similar estheticization of anxiety and death \u2014a similar use of the esthetic defense against the threat of non-being and its manifestation in human being\u2014 occurs in Monet and Manet, if with impressionistic rather than the expressionistic means Ciria uses. One might say the supposed triumph of aesthetics \u2014self-evident in pure abstraction\u2014 over the reality of life and death is a basic feature of modernist-type art. Monet rendered his dead wife\u2019s face in lively colors, as though insisting she was a sleeping beauty rather than dead \u2014all he had to do was to kiss her with his art to awaken her to eternal life. Manet did the same with his father\u2019s aging body, in effect denying that his father would ever die and cause him anxiety. Both painters used art to avoid anxiety \u2014to deny that life was contaminated by death. Art became an instrument of mummification: art denies the reality of death by adorning it as though it was a form and expression of life, thus turning both life and death into unrealistic art. It is to Ciria\u2019s credit that the operation of the reality principle, and with it the death drive, is evident in his art, not only the pleasure principle, as in the libidinous Impressionism of Monet and Manet. However expressionistically vital Ciria\u2019s reds and yellows (primary colors, with their strong presence), they are countered by an equally expressionistic devitalizing black and gray (melancholy non-colors, conveying profound absence): colorfulness and colorlessness work together to express the annihilative anxiety, not to say terror and horror, so evident in his faces. No aesthetic defense for him, however aesthetically provocative his abstraction. Ciria\u2019s faces have a family resemblance to Munch\u2019s famously terrified faces \u2014many also death\u2019s-heads\u2014 in Anxiety and The Scream, both 1893, and the deadened expressions on the faces in Munch\u2019s Street Scene in Christiana, 1895, but they are more unconditionally morbid and perversely abstract. At the same time, there is something defiant in the bold, dynamic way Ciria conveys \u2014fearlessly dramatizes\u2014 anxiety, a defiance of death completely absent from Munch\u2019s faces, which seem completely drained by anxiety, as though submitting and finally capitulating to death.<\/p>\n In the third series of Rorschach Heads the question is no longer whether they are abstractions in representational disguise or abstractly camouflaged representations \u2014abstraction and representation uncannily mingled\u2014 but rather whether art can remain esthetically pure while representing anxiety. It is no longer only the maddening anxiety human beings consciously experience when they think of their own death or non-being: it is the unconscious anxiety aroused by the threat to art\u2019s existence implicit in the traumatic split of abstraction into gestural and geometrical camps, exemplified by the difference between Kandinsky and Malevich. The birth of abstraction signaled an identity crisis in art \u2014the loss of \u201ccomplementarity\u201d between abstract form and realistic representation that traditionally existed in art, as Kandinsky said\u2014 and the splitting of abstraction into opposing camps at the moment of its birth was a second identity crisis. Elevating abstraction above representation sold art\u2019s possibilities short, and the paring down of abstraction to gestural and geometrical essences that contradicted each other and seemed inherently incommensurate and irreconcilable, and finally the preference for impulsive gesture at the expense of geometrical structure or geometrical structure at the expense of impulsive gesture, left abstraction, and more broadly art, in a dead-end of unresolved conflict.<\/p>\n Ciria brilliantly articulates the conflict in Danae I and II, both 2005 while attempting to overcome it, but the geometrical square and the explosive gesture remain at odds, suggesting a dialectical standoff rather than resolution of opposites. The title attempts to rescue the abstract work for narrative representation, suggesting the square and the gesture have imagistic import, but it is bit of a stretch to connect the love story of the mortal female Danae and the over-sexed immortal Zeus to the work. Although, no doubt, one can read Ciria\u2019s paintings metaphorically. The gestural shower imaginatively corresponds to\u2014symbolizes–the shower of gold which was the form Zeus took when he copulated with Danae. It is clearly a symbol of ejaculate, and suggests that she was a prostitute who made love for money. The \u201cpassive\u201d Suprematist square is a symbol of Danae\u2019s waiting body, the dynamic gestural shower is a symbol of Zeus\u2019s sexual activity and excitement as well as passionate discharge. Many of Ciria\u2019s works have sexual import; his intense colors are clearly erotic. Bodeg\u00f3n de Musas II and III, and La Danza, both 2004, with the latter based on Matisse\u2019s Dance, 1907, but with realistic female bodies \u2014photographs of female nudes\u2014 rather than primitivized females, as in Matisse, signals the importance of the erotic for Ciria. He is clearly haunted by woman, as the small image of one \u2014a muse but also a tempting memory\u2014 in one of the Rorschach Head paintings suggests. Ciria transposes the erotic to the abstract, more particularly to his flashing reds and yellows, and perhaps above all invests it in his painterly texture, which is powerfully sensual. Even Ciria\u2019s thanatopic grays and blacks have an erotic dimension, for they can be read as the ashes of erotic experience.<\/p>\n Is it overstating the matter to say that Ciria\u2019s grid, with a grand gesture in each of its square modules, is covertly sexual in import, however overtly a statement of the opposition of geometrical abstraction and gestural abstraction? I am suggesting that Ciria\u2019s juxtaposition of grid and gesture is an abstract enactment of an erotic event. The geometrical module contains the gestural ejaculate, functioning the way the female functions in sexual intercourse. The gestural ejaculate becomes the expressive core of the inexpressive module while remaining irreducible to its Procrustean form. The result is dialectically positive \u2014a strangely successful intercourse. At the same time, the module and gesture are formally at odds, making for a negative dialectical aesthetic. They do not merge, but relate through their opposition, establishing a sort of balance of powers, suggesting that they co-imply each other however fundamentally different. Using the same deceptively simple means, Ciria suggests covert commensurateness while conveying overt incommensurateness.<\/p>\n What complicates this paradoxical dialectic \u2014makes it more paradoxical\u2014 is the visual fact that the impulsive gesture, however dynamic \u2014indeed, flamboyantly fluid\u2014 seems reified and fixed in place, suggesting that it is a sort of paralyzed impulse: an impulse paralyzed be anxiety, implying that however alive with feeling the gesture is, the feeling is peculiarly \u201cstrangulated,\u201d to use Freud\u2019s term, that is, conveys feeling stopped in its expressive tracks. And indeed Ciria\u2019s gesture can be read as a sort of truncated trace feeling, ostensibly explosive but incompletely abreacted \u2014peculiarly futile for all its force, meteoric and short-lived for all its intensity and momentum. It has the firepower of a rocket, a sort of visual sound and fury that ends up signaling nothing\u2014 its own death.<\/p>\n Let us recall that the word \u201canxiety\u201d derives from the Latin angustus or \u201cnarrow,\u201d which in turn derives from angere, which means \u201cto pain by pushing together,\u201d \u201cto choke.\u201d The sense of choking back feeling while being compelled to express it gives the Rorschach Heads their grotesque appearance. They are dynamically constructed of abstract forms, painfully pushed together in the narrow space of the head to convey the stifling feeling of anxiety. Ciria uses abstraction to convey the feeling that one is being destroyed from within \u2014corroded into abstract non-being, disintegrated in an abstract delirium, and finally defeated by the \u201cdeath inside,\u201d as the psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott calls it, a haunting abstraction that suggests one is only an abstraction. A person in the grip of anxiety feels unreal and abstract\u2014nightmarishly abstract. Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Head is a battlefield between the feeling of non-being and of being, a space of reality testing in which it is not clear what reality is. The brilliance of Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads, especially the third Laguardia series, is that they use highly expressive abstract means to convey the \u201csuffering or sadness\u201d caused by anxiety, to use his words, resulting in the same uncannily inexpressive, muted effect that we see in the Easter Island Heads that Ciria visited, admired, and identified with, as the photograph of him in front of a row of them strongly suggests.<\/p>\n The elevation of abstraction above representation made art introverted and self-absorbed, even as their conflict indicated that art had become self-conflicted, and the conflict within abstraction between the gesturally dynamic and the geometrically structured shows that it had become self-destructive. The autonomy that abstraction supposedly gave art masks the annihilative anxiety, not to say uncertainty about its existence and right to exist, aroused by these profound, seemingly inherent splits in its identity. The anxiety aroused when art separated itself from the lifeworld it traditionally represented was intensified when gestural abstraction and geometrical abstraction went their separate ways. It was a double breakdown of art \u2014a breakdown of its integrity and dialectic. Divided against itself, abstraction seemed less absolute, and opposed to objectivity \u2014external necessity, as Kandinsky called it\u2014 art seemed less humanly necessary, however emotionally compelling it remained, at least as long as non-objectivity continued to convey internal necessity and not become a hollow formalism. Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads apotheosize this complex anxiety of art \u2014the expression of its death wish, and as such suicidal in import\u2014 while showing that it is inseparable from, even an symptomatic expression of a deeper anxiety: the annihilative anxiety innate to being human. It is incurable, but can be successfully defended against by being represented, which is what Ciria does in the Rorschach Heads. The annihilative anxiety of art can be cured by reconnecting it to the lifeworld, however indirectly and metaphorically, as in Ciria\u2019s Danae paintings \u2014and directly in his photo-erotic works\u2014 and integrating gestural abstraction and geometrical abstraction, whatever the disruptive tension of the dialectical struggle necessary to do so. Ciria convincingly does both in the Rorschach Heads: they are a major modernist achievement and the grand climax of his development. All his previous works \u2014his abstract figures and pure abstractions (his Automatic Deconstructive Abstraction project, 12 years searching for \u201cevery possible matter [that] could be found [in] abstraction,\u201d as he writes in a letter to me dated July 6, 2010)\u2014 lead up to the Rorschach Heads: they are a project in which his dialectical dexterity, not to say synthesizing flair, comes to fruition.<\/p>\n In Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads the self-system, as Sullivan calls it, is in the process of becoming unsystematic and deformed, even as it also seems to be in the process of formation, if never becoming rigidly systematic. Whichever way one looks at it, it is in perpetual process, and as such can never complete itself, which is why it will always looks bizarrely fragmented: always seem to represent what Kohut calls the fragmented self. But Ciria\u2019s self is not \u201cempty\u201d and \u201cnonvital,\u201d as Kohut says, for the fragments have their own colorful life, conveying an uncanny fullness. But one cannot deny that the head has become an expressionistic \u201cscream,\u201d as Oskar Kokoschka called the self imploding because of its anxiety. Ciria\u2019s self-portraits \u2014for that is what the Rorschach Heads implicitly are, however often based on \u201cportraits\u201d of anonymous persons taken from photographs\u2014 are a sort of radical reductio ad absurdum of Kokoschka\u2019s more realistic portraits of prominent people infected by anxiety, with the faces of some of them, including Kokoschka\u2019s in some of his self-portraits, almost chaotically disorganized, suggesting the collapse of their self-system. The modernist portrait, which can be said to have begun with Munch\u2019s and Kokoschka\u2019s portraits of emotionally disturbed people \u2014people destabilized by anxiety, people who seem at a loss however ostensibly self-possessed, people whose mental instability is conveyed by their distorted, peculiarly abstract appearance, confirming their inner absurdity\u2014 and to have reached a crescendo of sorts in Bacon\u2019s portraits, especially self-portraits, is carried to an abstract expressionistic extreme in Ciria\u2019s self-portraits. It is their paradoxicality that makes them extreme: the abstract fragments can be re-assembled in an infinite number of ways, suggesting that there is no right self, and that the self remains an expressive puzzle to itself. It can constantly be reconfigured, suggesting its protean character. For Ciria, there is clearly no one, ideal model for the self. At the same time, the abstract fragments come and hold together in a grotesque whole, a consistently grotesque \u2014monstrous\u2014 whole that suggests a consistent sense of self, and suggests that the self realizes its own monstrousness \u2014the monstrousness of its protean character, which is an expression of its innate creativity.<\/p>\n I suggest that Ciria\u2019s self-portraits are a compromise formation (like a dream) between his primary creativity, which is invariably unconventional and thus socially outrageous, and his use of abstraction to express it \u2014abstraction that has become conventional. I am using Winnicott\u2019s famous distinction between the true creative self, with its \u201cpersonalized ideas and spontaneous gestures,\u201d which seem socially rebellious, unconventional, even absurd and insane; and the false compliant self, the self that has betrayed its creativity by routinely following conventions, that is, ideas and methods that were once bizarrely revolutionary but have become historicized, sanitized clich\u00e9s. One might say that Ciria is trapped between what Max Weber called the \u201ciron cage\u201d of the System, which is represented by the grid, and his own passionate creativity, represented by his personal gesture \u2014his \u201csignature\u201d painterliness, as Harold Rosenberg called it.<\/p>\n The question for Ciria is how to personalize the conventions of abstraction \u2014re-personalize what has become impersonal and imprisoning, renew what has become old, tired, and standardized since the days of Kandinsky and Malevich, when it was young and revolutionary: how to make abstraction spontaneous, fresh, and outrageous once again, so that it is no longer just another decadent way of making banal art. As I have suggested, Ciria\u2019s convincing answer is by dramatizing the tragic split between the gestural and geometrical in abstraction, and, more broadly, the tragic split of art into representation and abstraction, a split within a split that devastates art. Ciria\u2019s art recapitulates these splits, not as steps in art\u2019s purification of itself, as art historians have said they are, but as signs of its tragic situation in modernity. His recapitulation of the splits is optimistic to the extent it overcomes the splits, pessimistic to the extent it suggests their inevitability. It is a creative triumph because it is simultaneously optimistic and pessimistic.<\/p>\n No doubt the initial modern differentiation of art into abstraction and representation was driven by inner necessity, and inaugurated a new creative era of art. But the differentiation of abstraction into gestural and geometrical components which occurred soon after the initial differentiation was the ironical beginning of the end of modern art. By definition gestural and geometrical abstraction are self-limiting, and necessarily go their separate ways to maintain their purity and autonomy. The inevitable result is a one-dimensional entropic art: the chaotic gesturalism of Pollock\u2019s all-over paintings, the simplistic structures of Minimalist geometry. A creative limit was quickly reached, implying that what seemed to be evolution through differentiation was in fact devolution through splitting. Splitting turned out not to be dialectical differentiation, but a manifestation of art\u2019s annihilative and paranoid anxiety. In Ciria\u2019s abstraction splitting becomes dialectical, that is, leads towards the synthesis of opposites while respecting their difference. The split is no longer absolute and regressive.<\/p>\n Adorno has said that abstract art reflects the fact that the relationship between human beings is abstract in modern society, suggesting that the derangement of the abstract fragments in Ciria\u2019s tragic self-portraits bespeaks society\u2019s deranged abstractness. Can one say that Ciria\u2019s Suprematist square represents the unavoidable tendency to comply and conform \u2014necessary to survive socially\u2014 and his convulsive gesture represents creative independence and nonconformity, however aggressively charged with sexual desire, and as such powerfully instinctive? Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Head is deranged because it is self-contradictory: it is charged with the anxiety of self-contradiction. But it also shows that anxiety brings its own creative solution with it, for the head remains self-contained despite its self-contradictory contents.<\/p>\n The point I am making is that Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads are projections of his self and tests of his creativity \u2014of his ability to solve the basic creative problems of modern art. In his letter to me he wrote that he \u201ctook the title of Rorschach Heads from the Rorschach psychological tests. The idea was that the people in front of my paintings could try to find out what they meant to them.\u201d He has in fact incorporated people \u2014strangers\u2014 in his Rorschach Heads, as his use of their anonymous images indicates, but the question is what the Rorschach Heads mean to him. The Rorschach test is \u201ca projective test consisting of ten symmetric ink blots varying in shape and colour. Five are in black and white only, five introduce colour. The respondent examines each one in turn and interprets it by saying what it looks like. The test is designed to yield information about unconscious mental processes.\u201d(7) Ciria has created his own Rorschach test \u2014idiosyncratically asymmetrical and all delirious with color, however many of the colorful \u201cblots\u201d have sober black, white, and gray areas, indicating his creative independence and individuality rather than his compliance with the formal conventions of standard Rorschach blots\u2014 and projected himself into it in art historical as well as anonymous disguise. One quickly sees through the disguise, for his Rorschach Heads have an artistic complexity and personal intensity that the impersonal Rorschach ink blot lacks. And Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads are much varied and numerous than the Rorschach ink blots.<\/p>\n Ciria notes that his Rorschach Heads have a certain affinity with Leonardo da Vinci\u2019s grotesque heads. Leonardo was the \u201cmost famous forerunner\u201d of Rorschach, as Coleman says, and \u201cLeonardo\u2019s paranoiac ancient wall,\u201d as Breton called it(8), was the first projective test \u2014the first art in which an artist tested his imagination and creativity, and experimentally projected the contents of his psyche onto and into an amorphous gestural surface. Ciria\u2019s Rorschach Heads are an ingenious elaboration of Leonardo\u2019s wall, for they bring the mental contents projected back into the head which projected them\u2014 the physical space of the head becomes a psychic space. Also, crucially, Ciria shows that these contents are abstract and unconscious, rather than representational and conscious, which indicates that he has a deeper, more modern understanding of them than Leonardo had.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1 Harry Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (New York: Norton, 1953), 11<\/p>\n 2 Ibid., 165<\/p>\n 3 Heinz Kohut, \u201cOn the Continuity of the Self and Cultural Selfobjects,\u201d Self Psychology and the Humanities (New York: Norton, 1985), 239<\/p>\n 4The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), volume 10, 178<\/p>\n 5 Quoted in Rollo May, \u201cContributions of Existential Psychotherapy,\u201d Existence, eds. Rollo May, Ernest Angel, and Henri F. Ellenberger (Northvale, NJ and London: Jason Aronson, 1994), 51<\/p>\n 6 Ibid.<\/p>\n 7 Andrew M. Coleman, A Dictionary of Psychology (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 645<\/p>\n 8 Andr\u00e9 Breton, \u201cArtistic Genesis and Perspective of Surrealism,\u201d Surrealism and Painting (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 74, describes \u201cthe lesson taught by\u2026 Leonardo da Vinci that one should allow one\u2019s attention to absorbed in the contemplation of streaks of dried spittle or the surface of an old wall until the eye is able to distinguish an alternative world.\u201d For Leonardo, the alternative world was not too different from the everyday exterior world; it contained familiar figures and landscapes, however sometimes distorted. For the abstract automatist\/expressionist Ciria, it is radically different, for it is an interior world, and as such permanently distorted.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Libro monogr\u00e1fico \u201cRorschach Heads\u201d Amarillo Museum of Art. Amarillo (Texas). Mayo 2011 TESSTING AND PROJECTING THE SELF: CIRIA\u2019S RORSCHACH PPAINTINGS Donald Kuspit I want to stress from the very beginning the paralyzing power of anxiety. I believe that it is fairly safe to say…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8841"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8841"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11224,"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8841\/revisions\/11224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/joseciria.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nI believe that it is fairly safe to say that anybody and everybody devotes much of his lifetime,
\na great deal of his energy \u2014talking loosely\u2014 and a good part of his effort in dealing with
\nothers, to avoiding more anxiety than he already has and, if possible, to getting rid of this anxiety.
\nMany things which seem to be independent entities, processes, or what not, are seen to be,
\nfrom the standpoint of the theory of anxiety, various techniques for minimizing or
\navoiding anxiety in living.<\/p>\n
\nbythe necessity to avoid or to minimize incidents of anxiety.<\/p>\n
\nit was the fragmented self that needed to be reassembled, that it was an empty,
\na nonvital self\u2026.And so the artist began to work on that, although, unfortunately
\nin many ways, in such an esoteric fashion that it somehow didn\u2019t filter through
\nquickly enough to heal the wounds that existed.<\/p>\n
\nbut chose medicine instead. As a secondary school student, he was nicknamed Kleck,
\nmeaning \u201cinkblot,\u201d because of his interest in sketching. \u2026In 1917 Rorschach discovered
\nthe work of Szyman Hens, who had studied the fantasies of his subjects using inkblot cards.
\nIn 1918 he began his own experiments with 15 accidental inkblots, showing the blots
\nto patients and asking them, \u201cWhat might this be?\u201d\u2026
\nThe Rorschach test is based on the human tendency to project interpretations
\nand feelings onto ambiguous stimuli, in this case, inkblots.<\/p>\n
\n
\n